June 2017
Running through your post and the failed resolution suggestions makes me think it is your Origin client that is failing to update properly. That happens sometimes with mandatory Origin client updates.
Go visit https://help.ea.com/en-us/help/origin/origin/install-origin/ and try the suggestions there. One thing to make certain to do, in addition to all that is noted there, is to use a cleanly downloaded OriginSlimClient installer before you attempt to run the update. That means, if you saved the slim client to your machine somewhere and used it once, delete the one you saved and already used once, and download a fresh slim client installer. Consider it to be one-time-use. I had a similar problem to what you initially described, but on PC, I kept using the same slim client I had initially downloaded and got repeatedly failed results. I finally deleted it and just downloaded a fresh one, ran it, and all worked as a charm there after.
October 2018
I'm still having this problem even though the proxy was already disabled. I even checked my firewall and it already allows origin as well.
February 2019
Are you an actual EA advisor because all you have done is post a link and tell us to follow it?????
November 2019